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At its core, cyberwarfare is the use of digital attacks by one country or nation to disrupt the computer systems of another with the aim of create significant damage, death or destruction. What does cyberwarfare look like? Watch Indigenous Online Metacritic. Cyberwar is still an emerging concept, but many experts are concerned that it is likely to be a significant component of any future conflicts.

As well as troops using conventional weapons like guns and missiles, future wars will also be fought by hackers using computer code to attack an enemy's infrastructure. Governments and intelligence agencies worry that digital attacks against vital infrastructure - - like banking systems or power grids - - will give attackers a way of bypassing a country's traditional defences. And unlike standard military attacks, a cyberattack can be launched instantaneously from any distance, with little obvious evidence in the build- up, and it is often extremely hard to trace such an attack back to its originators. Modern economies, underpinned by computer networks that run everything from sanitation to food distribution and communications, are particularly vulnerable to such attacks, especially as these systems are in the main poorly designed and protected. The head of the US National Security Agency (NSA) Admiral Michael Rogers said his worst case cyberattack scenario would involve "outright destructive attacks", focused on some aspects of critical US infrastructure and coupled with data manipulation "on a massive scale". Shutting down the power supply or scrambling bank records could easily do major damage to any economy.

And some experts warn it's a case of when, not if. What is the definition of cyberwarfare? Whether an attack should be considered to be an act of cyberwarfare depends on a number of factors. These can include the identity of the attacker, what they are doing, how they do it - - and how much damage they inflict. Like other forms of war, cyberwarfare is usually defined as a conflict between states, not individuals.

Many countries are now building up military cyberwarfare capabilities, both to defend against other nations and also to attack if necessary. Attacks by individual hackers, or even groups of hackers, would not usually be considered to be cyberwarfare, unless they were being aided and directed by a state. Nation states' conflict is increasingly moving online.

Getty Images/i. Stockphoto. For example, cyber- crooks who crash a bank's computer systems while trying to steal money would not be considered to be perpetrating an act of cyberwarfare, even if they came from a rival nation. But state- backed hackers doing the same thing to destabilise a rival state's economy might well be considered so. The nature and scale of the targets attacked is another indicator: defacing a company website is unlikely to be considered an act of cyberwarfare, whereas disabling the missile defence system at an airbase would certainly come close.

And the weapons used are important too: cyberwar refers to digital attacks on computer systems: firing a missile at a data center would not be considered cyberwarfare. Watch Clue Online (2017) more. Similarly using hackers to spy or even to steal data - cyberespionage - would not in itself be considered an act of cyberwarfare but might be one of the tools used. Cyberwarfare and the use of force How these factors combine matters because they can help determine what kind of response a country can make to a cyberattack.

There is one key definition of cyberwarfare, which is a digital attack that is so serious it can be seen as the equivalent of a physical attack. To reach this threshold, an attack on computer systems would have to lead to significant destruction or disruption, even loss of life. This is a significant threshold because under international law states are permitted to use force to defend themselves against an armed attack. It follows then that, if a country were hit by a cyberattack of significant scale, they would be within their rights to strike back using their standard military arsenal: to respond to hacking with missile strikes. So far this has never happened - - indeed it's not entirely clear if any attack has ever reached that threshold. That doesn't mean that attacks which fail to reach that level are irrelevant or should be ignored: it just means that the country under attack can't justify resorting to military force to defend itself. There are plenty of other ways of responding to a cyberattack, from sanctions and expelling diplomats, to responding in kind, although calibrating the right response to an attack is often hard.

What is the Tallinn Manual? One reason that definitions of cyberwarfare have been blurred is that there is no international law that covers cyberwar, which is what really matters here, because it is such a new concept. That doesn't mean that cyberwarfare isn't covered by the law, it's just that the relevant law is piecemeal, scattered, and often open to interpretation. Cyberwar and the Future of Cybersecurity. Today's security threats have expanded in scope and seriousness. There can now be millions - - or even billions - - of dollars at risk when information security isn't handled properly.

Read More This lack of legal framework has resulted in a grey area: in the past some states have used the opportunity to test out cyberwar techniques in the knowledge that other states would be uncertain about how they could react under international law. More recently that grey area has begun to shrink. A group of law scholars has spent years working to explain how international law can be applied to digital warfare. This work has formed the basis of the Tallinn Manual, a textbook prepared by the group and backed by the NATO- affiliated Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCDCo.

E) based in the Estonian capital of Tallinn, from which the manual takes its name. The first version of the manual looked at the rare but most serious cyberattacks, which rose to the level of the use of force; the second edition released earlier this year looked at the legal framework around cyberattacks, which do not reach the threshold of the use of force, but which take place on a daily basis. Aimed at legal advisers to governments, military, and intelligence agencies, the Tallinn Manual sets out when an attack is a violation of international law in cyberspace, and when and how states can respond to such assaults. The manual consists of a set of guidelines - - 1. The idea is that by making the law around cyberwarfare clearer, there is less risk of an attack escalating, because escalation often occurs when the rules are not clear and leaders overreact. Which countries are preparing for cyberwar?

According to US intelligence chiefs, more than 3. The US intelligence briefing lists Russia, China, Iran, and North Korea as the major "cyber threat actors" to worry about. Russia has a " highly advanced offensive cyber program" and has "conducted damaging and/or disruptive cyber- attacks including attacks on critical infrastructure networks", it warns. China has also "selectively used cyber attacks against foreign targets" and continues to "integrate and streamline its cyber operations and capabilities", said the report, which also said Iran has already used its cyber capabilities directly against the US with a distributed denial of service attacks targeting the US financial sector in 2. The report also notes that when it comes to North Korea: "Pyongyang remains capable of launching disruptive or destructive cyber attacks to support its political objectives."US cyberwarfare capabilities However, it's likely that the US has the most significant cyberdefence and cyberattack capabilities. Speaking last year, President Obama said: "we're moving into a new era here, where a number of countries have significant capacities.